The Science of Photobiomodulation on the Brain

The Science of Photobiomodulation on the Brain

Our brains are the most intricate and awe-inspiring organs in the human body. They control everything from our basic physiological functions like breathing and heart rate to our most complex thoughts, emotions, and memories.  However, like any finely tuned machine, the brain's efficiency can decline due to age, injury, or other factors. This decline can manifest as memory lapses, difficulty focusing, or even the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

Fortunately, a new and exciting field of science called photobiomodulation (PBM) is emerging as a potential solution for improving cognitive health. Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser therapy, or simply light therapy, utilizes light to stimulate cellular activity, offering a non-invasive and potentially powerful approach to supporting brain function. 

This blog post dives deep into the world of photobiomodulation, exploring its scientific basis, potential benefits for cognitive function, and its role in the future of brain health.

Demystifying photobiomodulation: From light to cellular activity

Believe it or not, the journey of photobiomodulation began amidst the stars. In 1993, NASA developed LEDs to cultivate plants for astronauts on extended space missions. An unexpected discovery followed: scientists working with these red LEDs noticed faster healing of minor injuries in astronauts. This sparked further research into how specific wavelengths of light could influence human cell activity, paving the way for the exploration of photobiomodulation's potential benefits for our health.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) harnesses specific wavelengths of light to interact with cells on a fundamental level. Unlike high-powered lasers used in surgery, PBM devices use low-energy light sources, typically light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or lasers, to deliver targeted light to the desired area.
When this light interacts with cellular chromophores, primarily cytochrome c oxidase within the mitochondria, a cascade of beneficial effects occurs. These effects include:

  • Increased ATP production: ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is the primary energy currency within cells. PBM can stimulate the production of ATP, leading to increased cellular energy and improved overall cellular function [1, 3];
  • Enhanced mitochondrial function: As you might know, the mitochondria is the "powerhouse" of the cells, and is responsible for energy production. PBM can improve mitochondrial function, leading to better cellular health and resilience [1, 2, 3];
  • Reduced oxidative stress: Oxidative stress, an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, can damage cells and contribute to various age-related diseases. PBM has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage [1, 4];
  • Increased nitric oxide production: Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule involved in various cellular processes, including blood flow regulation and tissue repair. PBM can stimulate nitric oxide production, potentially promoting healing and improving blood flow [1, 2];

The cellular effects triggered by photobiomodulation on the brain have the potential to translate into broader therapeutic benefits.

Photobiomodulation on the brain and its potential benefits for cognitive function

The research field of photobiomodulation on the brain is rapidly growing, with promising results suggesting potential benefits for various cognitive functions. Here's a closer look at some key areas:
  • Enhanced memory and attention: Studies suggest that photobiomodulation on the brain can improve working memory capacity, and memory consolidation, the process of converting short-term memories into long-term ones. This can lead to sharper recall and better information processing, enhancing overall cognitive performance. PBM can also help with attentional performance [5, 6, 7];
  • Improving cognitive abilities and combating cognitive decline: Age-related cognitive decline is a natural part of the aging process. Photobiomodulation on the brain has the potential to slow down this decline, improving cognitive function in older adults. Research suggests PBM may improve memory, processing speed, and executive function in this population [8, 9];
  • Improved mood and sleep: Studies have shown positive results for using photobiomodulation on the brain to manage symptoms of depression and anxiety. Since these conditions can significantly impact cognitive function, PBM's potential to improve mood and sleep can indirectly benefit overall cognitive health [14, 15, 16];
  • Neuroprotection: PBM's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may offer neuroprotective benefits. By reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, PBM could potentially help protect the brain from damage associated with multiple issues [17].


Neuronic’s transcranial photobiomodulation device

Neuronic is a company driven by a core principle: to empower individuals with innovative technology that enhances their quality of life. Our mission centers on making a significant impact. We strive to alleviate symptoms, improve cognitive function, and ultimately, contribute to a greater sense of well-being.

We understand that each brain is unique. That's why we developed a pro-level, yet user-friendly, home-use device designed to cater to individual needs. Our photobiomodulation device utilize LEDs to deliver specific wavelengths of light to the brain, aiming to support cognitive health and performance. We also have a 3-month consultation service where we offer custom-designed protocols based on Quantitative EEG (qEEG) results and personal history that can greatly enhance the functional benefits of photobiomodulation (PBM).

Our commitment to science is unwavering. We believe in harnessing the power of research to make light therapy accessible to those who need it most. That's why 100% of our profits are dedicated to product development and further research. We're constantly striving for innovation to unlock the full potential of the human brain and its remarkable capabilities.

The need for collaboration and continued research

Advancing the field of photobiomodulation on the brain requires collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and device manufacturers.  Here are some crucial areas for further exploration:
  • Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials: Rigorous clinical trials with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the efficacy of PBM for various cognitive conditions beyond preliminary findings. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are the gold standard for evaluating such approaches;
  • Investigating underlying mechanisms: A deeper understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which PBM exerts its effects on the brain is essential. This knowledge will help optimize protocols and identify potential applications for various potential applications;
  • Personalized approaches: Developing personalized protocols tailored to individual needs and responses to PBM therapy holds promise for maximizing effectiveness.

The future of photobiomodulation on the brain

The field of photobiomodulation for cognitive health is brimming with potential.  As research continues to unravel the mechanisms of PBM and refine protocols, we can expect to see its applications expand. Here's a glimpse into what the future might hold:
  • Improved options for neurodegenerative diseases: PBM could potentially become a valuable tool in managing and potentially slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's [10, 11, 12];
  • Enhanced cognitive performance optimization: PBM has the potential to become a mainstream approach for enhancing cognitive function in healthy individuals, improving memory, focus, and overall cognitive performance [13];
  • Non-invasive and safe brain stimulation: One of the most attractive aspects of PBM is its non-invasive nature. Compared to traditional brain stimulation techniques, PBM offers a safe and potentially more accessible approach to supporting brain health [5, 6, 9, 13].


Disclaimer: This blog post is intended for informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice. 

 

References 
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  2. Poyton RO, Ball KA. Therapeutic photobiomodulation: nitric oxide and a novel function of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. Discov Med. 2011 Feb;11(57):154-9. PMID: 21356170.
  3. Ferraresi C, Kaippert B, Avci P, Huang YY, de Sousa MV, Bagnato VS, Parizotto NA, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser (light) therapy increases mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis in C2C12 myotubes with a peak response at 3-6 h. Photochem Photobiol. 2015 Mar-Apr;91(2):411-6. doi: 10.1111/php.12397. Epub 2014 Dec 30. PMID: 25443662; PMCID: PMC4355185.
  4. Giuliani, A., Lorenzini, L., Gallamini, M., Massella, A., Giardino, L., & Calzà, L. (2009). Low infra red laser light irradiation on cultured neural cells: effects on mitochondria and cell viability after oxidative stress. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 9, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-9-8
  5. Cheung, M. C., Lee, T. L., Sze, S. L., & Chan, A. S. (2023). Photobiomodulation improves frontal lobe cognitive functions and mental health of older adults with non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Case studies. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1095111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1095111
  6. Zhao, C., Li, D., Kong, Y., Liu, H., Hu, Y., Niu, H., Jensen, O., Li, X., Liu, H., & Song, Y. (2022). Transcranial photobiomodulation enhances visual working memory capacity in humans. Science advances, 8(48), eabq3211. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq3211
  7. Jahan, A., Nazari, M. A., Mahmoudi, J., Salehpour, F., & Salimi, M. M. (2019). Transcranial near-infrared photobiomodulation could modulate brain electrophysiological features and attentional performance in healthy young adults. Lasers in medical science, 34(6), 1193–1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-018-02710-3
  8. Papi, S., Allahverdipour, H., Jahan, A., Dianat, I., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Salimi, M. M. (2022). The effect of transcranial photobiomodulation on cognitive function and attentional performance of older women with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review, 21(3), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2022.119794
  9. Pan, W. T., Liu, P. M., Ma, D., & Yang, J. J. (2023). Advances in photobiomodulation for cognitive improvement by near-infrared derived multiple strategies. Journal of translational medicine, 21(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-03988-w
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